Quality Associates Essay Example for Free

Quality Associates Essay In this case, we have Quality Associates, Inc. a consulting firm advising its client about sampling and statistical procedures that can be used to control their manufacturing process. Their client has offered samples to be analyzed, so they can quickly learn whether the process is operating satisfactorily or corrective actions needs to be taken. The numbers given in the case were as follows: assumed population standard deviation is equal to . 21, sample size is equal to 30 and the test value of the mean was 12. They also stated the two hypotheses to be tested: the null hypothesis that the population is equal to 12 and the alternative hypothesis that the mean is not equal to 12. This indicates a two tailed tests to determine whether or not to reject the null hypothesis. The 4 provided sample sizes each contained 30 observations, indicating a normal distribution and z test statistics. Methodology The first question required conducting a hypothesis test for each sample at the . 01 level of significance. Based upon the test, determine if any corrective actions need to be taken. There are two approaches to hypothesis testing, the p-value approach and the critical value approach. The first step for the p-value approach was to calculate the mean for each sample. In order, they were: 11. 9587| 12. 0287| 11. 8890| 12. 0813| Next, was to calculate standard error, by using the formula sigma divided by the square root of n. This came out to be . 0383. To find the z test statistic subtract the test value of 12 from the sample mean and divide by the standard error. The z test statistic for each sample were as follows: -1. 0966| 0. 7493| -2. 8982| 2. 1227| The 1 tail p-value could then be found by using the normsdist function in Excel. This function indicates probability to the left of the value, so positive numbers were subtracted from 1. Since this is a two tailed test, the values were multiplied by two to find the actual p-value. 0. 2728| 0. 4536| 0. 0038| 0. 0338| The rule for the p-value two tail test is to reject Ho if the p-value is smaller than or equal to alpha, the alpha in this case being . 01. At . 038, the p-value for sample 3 was less than the significance level set by the client. Sample 3 provides evidence to reject Ho and accept Ha. However, samples 1, 2 and 4 all have p-values larger than alpha, indicating that the process is working satisfactorily with a mean equal to 12. According to samples 1,2 and 4, corrective measures do not need to be taken. A second approach to hypothesis testing is the critical value approach, which states to reject Ho if the z value is larger than z alpha/2 or smaller than –z alpha/2. Alpha was given at . 1, alpha/2 is equal . 005. Table 8. 1, Values of Z alpha/2 for the most commonly used Z values, in the book states that for alpha/2 equal to . 005, the z value is equal to 2. 576. This is the z critical value for a two tailed test, outside of which lies the rejection area. Again, out of the 4 samples, only one had a critical value in the rejection area. The z value of sample 3, -2. 8982, was smaller than the z critical value of -2. 576. This leads to a rejection of Ho. Samples 1,2, and 4 all fall between the 2 critical values and provide evidence to not reject Ho. Assumption Based on the results of the hypothesis tests, both p-value approach and critical value approach, corrective action should be taken for sample 3. Samples 1,2 and 4 provide evidence that we cannot reject Ho, and therefore the client can assume that the process is operating satisfactorily. The second question asked to compute the standard deviation for each individual sample. Using the stdev function in Excel, the standard deviation for each sample are as follows: 0. 2204| 0. 2204| 0. 2072| 0. 2061| Assumption Based on the standard deviations calculated for each sample, the assumption of . 21 for the population standard deviation appears reasonable. An average of the 4 individual sample standard deviations is equal to . 2135, which can be rounded down to . 21. The third question asked to compute limits for the sample mean equal to 12. Condition was that as long as a new sample mean is within those limits, the process will be considered to be operating satisfactorily. If X exceeds the upper limit or if the X is below the lower limit, corrective actions will be taken. The formula for calculating upper and lower control limits is Using x bar equal to 12, z alpha/2 equal to 2. 576 and the standard error equal to . 0383, the upper limit was equal to 12. 0987 and the lower limit was equal to 11. 9013. Assumption Based on the upper (12. 0987) and lower (11. 9013) control limits calculated for a mean equal to 12, sample 3 falls outside the control limit with a mean of 11. 8890. Because the mean exceeds the lower limit, it indicates that corrective action needs to be taken. Assumptions Increasing the level of significance to a larger value will lead to rejecting the null hypothesis more often. If the level of significance is increased to . 05, both samples 3 and 4 will provide evidence to reject the null hypothesis instead of just sample 3. This means that the client is more willing to make a Type I error, mistakenly rejecting Ho when it is true. This means that they run the risk of having to stop their manufacturing process to take corrective action more often.

War of 1812 :: essays research papers

John Marshall was Chief Justice in many early cases that would help get the Supreme Court up to the level of power and equal amount of say as the other branches. His ruling in the first few important cases helped bring the Courts uses of Judicial Review up to balance the powers. John Q. Adams, son of John Adams and he was the leader behind the signing of the treaty of Ghent. Daniel Webster was the great spokesperson of the North as well as a warhawk. He was also very devoted to the Union. Henry Clay was known as the great compromiser and helped to put together and organize the Missouri Compromise, he was kind of the middle man who suggested compromises between the north and the south. He is also known for his American System, which improved banking systems, tariffs, roads, and canals. John C. Calhoun was the spokesman of the south and was also a warhawk. He was responsible for the writing of the "South Carolina Exposition". The McCulluh vs. Maryland was a case when Maryland wanted to be able to tax the Bank of the United States of America. Because of this privilege that they wanted they would have the power to tax this Bank out of existence. Marshall did not see this as necessary therefore did not grant Maryland power to do so. Gibbons vs. Ogden was a case when New York granted a monopoly to a private company owner of a ferry company between the two States of New York and New Jersey. The monopoly was not valid in the state of New Jersey therefore it gave the court Judicial Review over interstate commerce and was turned down. Fletcher vs. Peck was a case when the Georgia legislature was influenced by bribery and granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country to private speculators. The case was turned down because the state laws were not allowed to tamper with the contracts. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward was a case when a college was chartered by the King of England New Hampshire wanted to change t he contract that the King had made out. Dartmouth won the case because of private property rights as well as enhancing judicial review. Cohens vs. Virginia was a case when Cohens was selling illegal lottery tickets and was found guilty by the Virginia court and Cohen’s argument was the monopoly that was granted to the state was unconstitutional.

How does Walkers presentations of Womanism Affect Your Interpretation of the Novel? Essay

Alice Walker is one of the most prominent contemporary writers in America. Her masterpiece, The Color Purple, wins her Pulitzer Prize for her ideology of â€Å"womanism†. Walker’s â€Å"womanism† has four characteristics: anti-sexism, anti-racism, Afracentrism and humanism. Afracentrism refers to the review of Afro-American history and culture while humanism emphasizes on love and forgiveness to both friends and enemies. Through analysis of the black women’s plight, struggle, and survival as well as their hope, this idea illustrates four characteristics of womanism. Walker’s womanism enriches feminism and provides a new perspective for understanding women’s liberation. Walker has demonstrated the new perspective through the form of Celie’s letters. The letterform used in The Color Purple is not only a literary tool used by Walker to catch the reader’s attention and make the story seem more realistic. If one looks at the letters from the perspective of Celie the interpretation takes on a new turn. Celie’s letters begin when she is raped and silenced with the words of her stepfather: â€Å"You better not tell anybody but God. I’d kill your mammy†. This leaves her with only one way out; namely to tell God. And with this act a new door opens into a world of opportunities, freedom and justice. When Celie writes her first letter one can say that a new body is created. Whereas her physical body suffers from violence and rape which is shown in letter one â€Å"You better shut up and git used to it†. But the new invisible body is safe and can’t be harmed. So her letters work as a â€Å"second body† where the wounds inflicted on her are able to heal and she can develop an identity. Within these letters she is allowed to be as honest as she wants and she can express her feelings, which otherwise are oppressed. The letters are the only way of finding purpose in an otherwise meaningless existence. In the Color Purple the history describes black women’s living plight in America and the Olinka tribe, such as rape and incest, isolation and desperation, and alienation and absurdity as well. The black women’s suffering and misfortune reflect the female consciousness of womanism. The Olinka tribe don’t believe in educating their women, as shown in letter sixty-two â€Å"The Olinka do not believe girls should be educated†, and although there’re no reports of abuse against women by men in Nettie’s letters, woman subservience is unchallenged, and the demeaning opening ceremony continues without contest. Similarly, this is also shown when Celie was being denied an education in America after falling pregnant due to rape, shown in letter eight â€Å"You too dumb to keep going to school†. In the Olinka tribe women are not allowed to be educated as education leads to knowledge and then dissatisfaction. The Olinka men want the women to continu e to work without question, something best achieved when they are uneducated. In the Color Purple it describes sexism and racism in America and the Olinka tribe. Walker explores the interpretation of anti-sexism and anti-racism consciousness of womanism through the letters. In the letters Walker valiantly and determinedly stands up to the pressure exerted upon her for her endeavour to interpretation and finally eradicate all the iniquity parts of the black world, dedicating the novel to a cause that is the breaking down of all the bondages on the blacks. In letter sixty-two the Olinka think a woman is nothing until she marries and she should stay uneducated as she is inferior to men. This is shown when Nettie was describing the daily life in Africa, â€Å"A girl is nothing to herself; only to her husband can she become something†. Black women in The Color Purple along with black men enjoy no equal rights as whites and even racial segregation is carried on extensively in America. In the south, black people can’t even sit side by side with whites in a car. But it turns out not to be so different even in the northern big cities such as New York, where black people are treated differently from whites as second-class citizens, who are called â€Å"Niggers†. In letter fifty-six Nettie writes to Celie about New York: â€Å"What can I tell you about New York or even about the train that took us there †¦ Only white people can ride in the beds and use the restaurant. And they have different toilets from colored.† Walker deeply penetrates the racial politics employed by racists, and uses Nettie’s journey through America and Africa to illustrate the racial and sexual consciousness of womanism. In the Color Purple Walker discusses the black women’s root-seeking travel to Africa which then includes the interpretation of Afracentrism of womanism. Once Afro-Americans entered the United States, they lost their identity. When they stepped foot in the new land they had no friends, no relatives, and no culture. Therefore, womanists support Afracentrism which denotes the review of Afro-American history and culture, mainly slavery culture and regression to African culture and tradition. In letter fifty-five, Nettie’s journey to African indicates her search of the lost black identity and culture. â€Å"The little I knew about my own self wouldn’t have filled a thimble!† illustrates Nettie’s view of her losing her black cultural identity. When she didn’t even know that her brothers and sisters were sold from Africa in trade for money she stated that she was ever so â€Å"ignorant† and that she had to learn everything to make herself useful. Through description of Nettie’s root-seeking travel, Walker urges Afro-Americans to promote African culture. In this way Walker hopes to provoke the national consciousness of the blacks, carry forward the famous tradition of Black Nationalism. In letter fifty-seven Nettie expresses her views of the materials made from the black people and that â€Å"it is hard to imagine that the people who made them don’t still exist.† Walker illustrated this through Nettie’s letters as she wanted to discard the black people’s ancestors’ ignorance and prejudice, and finally strengthen the national pride and unity of the black people. Through description of kindness and beauty of women and redemption of men Walker provides the readers with an ideal living pattern for the human beings which show humanism consciousness of womanism. When Celie and Albert were sewing together in letter eighty-seven Walker advocates the spirit of tolerance where both men and women finally reconcile and accept each other. This shows the theme of liberation and shows that tolerance is a noble human quality and a performance of humanism. Furthermore, this illustrates Walker’s ideal living pattern and her desire to build a harmonious world filled with understanding and love, which is shown in the relationship of Albert and Celie. The Purple Color is a successful literary practice of Walker’s womanism and also is a development of feminism in regard to black feminism. Through supporting of anti-racism, anti-sexism, Afracentrism and Humanism, Walker conclusively sets up an ideal harmonious living pattern by celebrating a unity of men and women in spite of their colour and race. A harmonious relationship between men and women, human beings and society, human beings and nature is the recreation of womanism and also is its true implication.

The Looking Glass, By David Hume - 2137 Words

In philosophy, there are many different questions seeking to be answered. A scholar might look at certainty, the existence of God, whether or not an individual changes throughout time, or some other great unknown. A conflicting question that more individuals should consider would deal with their own existence, and why humans exist at all. By looking at the idea of reality, creationism, and impressions, one can fully deduce why people exist. These topics are clearly invisible in stories like Lewis Carroll’s â€Å"Through the Looking Glass,† and David Hume’s â€Å"Of Personal Identity,† and â€Å"Why Does God let People Suffer?†. Individuals exist because God chooses for them to exist, perceiving them in such a way that they are unique from one another. Many people are familiar with Lewis Carroll’s â€Å"Alice in Wonderland.† Even if they have not read it, they have probably heard it referenced at some point or seen the classic Disney ta ke on it. The main premise is that a little girl, named Alice, sees a white rabbit, who continuously chatters about being late for an important event. She follows the rabbit, and winds up falling down its rabbit hole into a world called Wonderland. This fantasy world allows for a surplus of new adventures, all the while teaching Alice lessons about herself. Carroll follows this book with the sequel, â€Å"Through the Looking Glass.† Similar to his original story, Alice finds herself back in Wonderland on a new adventure. In the particular passage taken out for thisShow MoreRelatedAdam Smiths Wealth of Nations Essay3033 Words   |  13 Pageswhich represented a specific, partial, focused, even epiphenomenal, treatment of a vital, but singular, feature of the market). I In his effort to explain the nature and the particular mechanisms of moral sentiments, Smith, clearly influenced by David Hume,12 further elaborated the seminal category of sympathy. 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